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The 34-year-old former Real Madrid and Bayern Munich midfielder, who last played for Mexican side Leon, has a guaranteed contract through June with a team option through December.
"I'm very happy for this new chapter in my life," Rodriguez said. "I hope to be at my best so I can bring joy to this city and to all of the people who are putting their faith in me.
"I'm looking forward to meeting all of the passionate Minnesota fans because I'm also a passionate player who wants to give everything on the field and always wants to win."
The Loons went 16-8 with 10 draws last year to finish fourth in the Western Conference and fell in the playoff quarter-finals.
"James is a player whose quality, vision, and experience at the highest levels of the game are unquestioned," Minnesota chief soccer officer and sporting director Khaled El-Ahmad said.
