Rose, 29, is Newcastle's third recruit of the January transfer window following the recent arrivals at St James' Park of Nabil Bentaleb and Valentino Lazaro.
Rose will be eligible to make his Magpies debut in their league match at home to Norwich on Saturday.
"It's a great honour for me to be here," Rose told NUFC TV.
"I'm so grateful that the manager (Steve Bruce) has brought me in and I'm looking to repay him in every way I can as soon as I'm playing".